What was the world's first republic?

The world's first republic is attributed to Ancient Rome, which established a governance system around 509 BC after the overthrow of the last Etruscan king. This transition marked a significant development in political history, as it introduced a form of government where elected representatives made decisions on behalf of the citizens, rather than being ruled by a monarch.

In Ancient Rome, the establishment of the Republic allowed for a more structured approach to governance, including the Senate and other political institutions that facilitated citizen participation in decision-making processes. This system set a foundational precedent for future republics and influenced the development of modern democratic governments.

Other civilizations, such as Ancient Greece, did have democratic elements, particularly in city-states like Athens, but they did not establish a republic in the same manner as Rome. Ancient Egypt was primarily ruled by pharaohs, and while Mesopotamia had various forms of governance, none mirror the concept of a republic as defined by Rome's electoral and representative system. Thus, Ancient Rome stands out as the first true republic in history.