What is the primary focus of Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral development?

Kohlberg's preconventional stage of moral development primarily focuses on the individual's perspective regarding morality, which is largely centered around the consequences of actions. In this stage, moral reasoning is determined by the desire to avoid punishment and to gain rewards. Children in this stage perceive rules as fixed and absolute, and their decisions are dictated by the direct outcomes of their actions.

For instance, a child may refrain from stealing a cookie because they fear being scolded or punished, rather than understanding that stealing is wrong in an ethical or moral sense. This level of moral reasoning reflects a self-centered view where the primary concern is personal consequences rather than broader societal values or integrity.

In contrast, following laws, developing integrity, and understanding ethical principles are considerations that emerge in later stages of moral development. As individuals progress through Kohlberg's stages, they begin to understand that morality is not solely about personal gain or aversion to punishment but also involves societal rules, ethical standards, and the welfare of others.