What does orthography encompass in a language?

Orthography refers specifically to the conventional spelling system and set of rules within a language. This includes not only the correct formation of words but also elements such as capitalization and punctuation, which are integral to adhering to proper writing conventions. Accurate orthography is essential for clear written communication, ensuring that the text is understood as intended by the writer.

The other options, while important components of language and communication, do not accurately describe what orthography specifically encompasses. Pronunciation and grammar rules relate to how words are spoken and structured, vocabulary usage pertains to the selection of words, and writing styles and genres refer to the various forms and formats of writing. However, these aspects fall outside of the definition of orthography, which is tightly focused on spelling, capitalization, and punctuation.